This paper is an anthropological investigation of the effects of the emphasis on gender segregation in private and public spaces on the quality of intimate relationships between girls and boys. Policymakers pursue an emphasis on spatial gender segregation with the goal of promoting moral health and preserving the Islamic identity of cities. To assess how policymakers’,goals regarding spatial gender segregation affect users’,actions and attitudes, we took advantage of the participation of two groups of girls with different lifestyles. One of these two groups, which adheres strongly to gendered spatial segregation rules, was identified as having an inflexible lifestyle and compared to the other group, which adheres more flexibly to gender segregation and is referred to as the flexible lifestyle group. Lefebvre’, s theory was used to emphasize space as a social product and to distinguish between spatial action, spatial representation, and representative space. The research method was ethnographic and comparative, focusing on participant observation techniques and ethnographic interviews. The research shows that inflexible gender segregation is associated with secrecy and riskier decisions. Thus, the research shows that inflexible spatial segregation does not meet the moral and identity goals of policymakers.

Spatial segregation is both a reflection of the existing social structure and a mechanism to enforce that structure. In Tehran, the dramatic increase in the capacity of universities and educational institutions has led to a significant rise in the number of graduates with a university degree, but it is still unclear to what extent spatial segregation exists based on education levels. Therefore, the aim of this article is to investigate the spatial segregation of the population based on gender and education level in Tehran Metropolitan Area. 2011 census data were analyzed using spatial statistics and analysis by GeoDa and Geo-Segregation Analyzer software. The results show that the degree of spatial segregation of individuals with university education is higher than other educational groups, and the groups with lower education are more integrated and living in the south and south-east regions of the city. The level of spatial segregation of women with higher education is more than men. The results of this study are consistent with the historical north-south socio-spatial patterns. In addition, the results indicate that individuals are in clusters with similar socioeconomic characteristics. Finally, the metropolis of Tehran is experiencing considerable segregation between different social strata.

One of the outcomes of migration to cities is the formation of certain patterns of residential segregation. Although the bulk of research has demonstrated the segregation of immigrants in metropolises, this subject has not been sufficiently addressed in small towns. Therefore, the present research is an attempt to answer the question of whether in a small city like Qaen, the immigrants had resorted to spatial segregation from a spatial perspective. The data was extracted from the statistical blocks of the 2016 Census of Qaen City and entered into Geo-Segregation Analyzer software to measure segregation indicators. Also, Arc GIS was used for supplemental spatial analyses and multiple regression analysis was conducted by SPSS. The results revealed that in the Evenness dimension, IS was moderate (0.495), the entropy index (H) was low (0.26), and the Gini index was relatively high (0.685). Accordingly, it can be argued that immigrants have not been evenly distributed and concentration in some blocks is evident. The Exposure dimension measured by the xPx index was low (0.258). The Delta index and Absolute Concentration, as indicators of concentration, are both in the moderate range, but the Absolute Clustering index (ACL) is low (0.274) . Still, spatial statistics such as Global Moran's I, General G and Ripley's K Function suggest that immigrants have settled based on a clustered pattern. Also, the low Absolute Centralization index (ACL) indicates a lower tendency of immigrants to the city center. In general, as suggested by most of the indicators, the segregation of immigrants from the rest of the population is confirmed. Further, according to the multiple linear regression, immigrants tend to settle in areas with restricted access to urban services, limited residential areas, and higher population density. 

The segregation along with the rapid growth of urbanization has become a main issue for the sustainability of megacities. With the increase in the role of industry, technology and knowledge, the division of work has taken place in Tabriz metropolis and the segregation in the structure of Tabriz metropolis has increased in this region. The purpose of the research is to investigate the intensity of spatial-economic segregation of occupational groups as a representative of the income component and the way of dividing occupational groups in the structure of the metropolitan area of Tabriz in 2011, using a phenomenological approach. The research method is quantitative-descriptive in terms of type, practical in terms of purpose. The data of the general census of population and housing in 2011, occupational data at the statistical level have been analyzed in two spatial and non-spatial modes. To measure the intensity of segregation of occupational groups through four classical single-group indicators and three local indicators. To analyze the functioning of the space of occupational groups at the level of Tabriz metropolis, the Kernel density method is used. The results indicate a moderate to low segregation of high and low occupational groups of classical indicators. In the middle occupational group, it shows a medium to high segregation (0.60). According to Moran's, the structure of occupational groups in the metropolis of Tabriz is clustered. Spatial pattern according to kernel for scattered polycentric high occupational group, polycentric middle occupational group, and low occupational group has a semi-circular and continuous pattern.

Socio-spatial segregation is one of the most important challenges faced by metropolises e. g. Mashhad today. One of the factors of this phenomenon is the presence of immigrants in cities, who, according to their preferences, select specific areas of residence in the city, and thus, add to the urban socio-spatial segregation. This paper aims to study the residential pattern of migrants and their preferences to select an area for living. Descriptive– analytical method and second-hand data from census and Mashhad’ s comprehensive plan were used to study the socio-spatial segregation of migrants. Moreover, two-group and multi-group indices, spatial analysis of Moran and hot spot, along with Pearson correlation index were used to analyze the data. Results indicate that due to the multi-group index which is 0. 44, and due to the Moran statistics, migrants are living segregated and clustered in Mashhad. Thus, one of their most important preferences for inhibiting somewhere is the existence of their own group. On the other hand, the significant relationship between the share of migrants from total urban population and some socioeconomic and households variables indicate that Mashhad’ s migrants usually select residential environments which are appropriate for them based on their socioeconomic origins. Therefore, migrants with a weaker origin mainly choose areas for residence which are not in favorable physical conditions. As a result, these factors not only separate migrants from the main fabric of the city and each other, but also intensify the segregation and spatial gap in Mashhad, and prevent sustainable development.

The study was executed for intention of determination how is spatial niche segregation between 11 species of wintering waterfowls in Selkeh wildlife refuge in 19 kilometer North Rasht. The Region of study divided by lattice from 360 cells 10×10 m and selected randomly 250 cells. samples was collected during autumn and winter in 1389. A spatial niche segregation waterfowls studying with measure of methods habitat variables such as water depth, vegetation height, floating leaves absence and presence, open water and emergent plants distance. The findings showed that habitat segregation between waterfowls were mostly under effect of habitat variables of vegetation height, floating leaves absence and presence and volume of open water (without vegetation) and variables of water depth (because of being the same depth and not up and down) and transparency of water had less effect in spatial niche segregation nest. Results of this study stressed conservation from diversity of structure of aquatic habitats for support from extensive group from aquatic species in different microhabitat without appearing competition and result caused by it that it could result in attraction of so many wintering species to wetlands in north of Iran and their desirable wintering in this habitats.

The measurement of urban segregation patterns and trends is often taken place by relying on the indices which show clearly the spatial patterning of the population distribution in a city. In this paper, the new approach of measuring Spatial segregation between several groups has been presented. This approach allows the researchers to measure the segregation at any scale. This research from the objective point of view is an applied one and its method is descriptive-analytical method, the data and information of this research has been collected by field surveying method and the selected samples were gathered by spatial random stratified method. In this paper, social segregation of Kamyaran city has been measured in the form of three variables of income, language and religion by using the introduced indices. The results of the indices by using P-Value test shows the high reliability level of segregation measuring at this study. Based on the results of the case study, by increasing the study scale, the value of segregation indices will decrease. Intensity of segregation at the three indicator limits (the northeast, northwest and south part of the city) at each three under study variables is more than the other points. Also dissimilarity value of religion variable is more than the other ones at local scale and the three variable of medium income, Soran group and Sunni religious group have the highest degree of spatial segregation.

Background and Aim: Spatial segregation of foreign immigrants is one prominent feature of the Tehran metropolis, which can strongly impact sustainable urban development, and the process of social changes. This article aims to explore Afghan immigrants' understanding and meaning of spatial segregation and its consequences. Data and Method: The data for this study was collected using the grounded theory method, a unique approach that allows for a comprehensive understanding of the subject. We conducted in-depth semi-structured interviews with 20 Afghan immigrants living in Tehran, selected purposefully for their diverse experiences and perspectives. Findings: The study identified 109 primary concepts, 15 sub-themes, and four main themes. These main themes include biological segregation, sense of belonging in the shadow of inequality, verbal and spatial demarcation, and socio-spatial distance. Through the analysis of these categories, the concept of social-spatial fault emerged as the final category of this research, highlighting the spatial segregation of Afghan immigrants in Tehran resulting from significant disparities at both micro and macro levels between immigrants and the host community. Conclusion: The findings suggest that immigrants in the receiving society are not uniform but rather exhibit diverse settlement patterns based on their levels of social integration and acculturation. Key Message: Afghan immigrants face challenges in achieving full integration due to spatial segregation and social barriers. However, they are not a homogenous group, and their settlement patterns may vary based on factors such as human capital and levels of social integration and acculturation.

Objectives: Educational systems of the world, including system of our country, are faced with new challenges and issues. One of these challenges is the challenge of gender segregation or single-sex education. The purpose of this study is to investigate the Physiological, Biological and Sociological Foundations of Gender segregation in Education. Method: The method used in the present study is synthesis research method. Results: Advocators of single-sex education believe that the Gender segregation should be done in Education based on Physiological, Biological and Sociological Foundations and in this regard, they point to the differences between girls and boys in different areas. The most important reasons are the Strengthening academic selfconcept, Different and unequal style of writing girls and boys, Differences in the nature of participation, Difference in sense of belonging and academic affiliation, the importance of affiliation for girls, the importance of competition for boys and the physical selfawareness of girls. Conclusion: Each of the proponents of single-sex and mixed approaches presents their competing reasons. Decision making in this regard is due to various causes and factors therefore, but this research based on theoretical, experiential findings emphasizes on gender segregation, because gender segregation can lead to the improvement of learning and instruction.